Hardness () Referring to water, the scale-forming and lather-inhibiting qualities that water possesses when it has high concentrations of calcium and magnesium ions. Temporary hardness, caused by the presence of magnesium or calcium bicarbonate, can be removed by boiling the water to convert the bicarbonates to insoluble carbonates. Calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate and the chlorides of these two elements cause permanent hardness.
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